b'Department of Modern and Classical LanguagesZPD and Scaffolded Feedback in Second Language AcquisitionSean M. MartinSponsor: Dr. RussellIn recent years, research from the perspective of sociocultural theory (SCT) has been applied to language learning. In particular, studies have examined how to implement scaffolding and the zone of proximal development (ZPD) to encourage second language (L2) acquisition and retention of knowledge in the L2 learner. The research reviewed in this project shows that L2 learning is improved when SCT is applied in the language classroom, in direct contrast to other learning theories like interactionist or cognitive theories. This has implications for learning in both naturalistic settings and in the L2 classroom.The Conspicuous Criticism of the Aristocracyin Francisco Goyas PaintingsLaura A. CartwrightSponsor: Dr. WalczakArt has the capability to place the viewer within the mindset of the artist, which makes it possible to see another point of view and sometimes discover contradicting messages. One of the biggest masters of this deceitful form of painting was Francisco Goya (1746-1828), who was commissioned to portray the Spanish royalty and the aristocracy, yet his master works became a double-edged sword. While painting the exquisite quality of their clothing and their superb surroundings, he also captured their idleness, their empty or weird face expressions and arrogant, even grotesque, demeanor. Such portraying sends contradictory messages to those who are depicted and to those who are just viewing. It also reveals that the painter felt some measure of disdain toward the objects of his master works. The goal of this presentation is to clarify the multiple meanings in Goyas works. Even though its true that the meanings of paintings are always in the eye of the beholder, it brings to the attention certain strategies used by Francisco Goya to express criticism toward the Spanish upper class.The Susceptibility of the AgriculturalIndustry to Climate Change in SpainSarah N. CarrSponsor: Dr. WalczakTraditionally, Spain has been an agricultural state due to a relatively late economic boom compared to other European countries. Presently, after tourism and industrial production, agricultural is the third industry in the country exporting fruits, flowers, meats, cereals, olive oils and wines to all of Europe. However, most agricultural regions in Spain have problems such as infertile soil, limited rainfall, and a dry climate, which are being exacerbated by climate changes significantly affecting productivity and the national economy. Spain is ranked 38th in the world for being susceptible to the effects of climate change with projections for major losses in gross domestic product. Therefore, the objective of this research is to elaborate on the challenges posed by the climate changes to the agricultural productivity and identify strategies that can be assimilated by analyzing the susceptibility of the industry to climate change in Spain. Specifically, how can Spain respond to the changes in climate in a sustainable manner for both the countrys economy as well as food security? How can agricultural production be protected in Spain and how can it be applied to other developed countries throughout Europe and North America?40'