BIOL 2010 Exam 2 Example

BIO 201 Lecture Exam #2
Note that this is only an example of an exam or questions administered to a past class. There is no reason to think that you will see these same questions on your exam!

R. Goddard, Instructor
NAME:_________________________________________

Instructions:

1. Put your name and SS# on the computer form, LAST NAME FIRST! (YES, YOU MUST FILL IN THE BUBBLES!!)
2. Use a #2 Pencil for marking the computer form.
3. Fill in the computer form for ALL questions!
4. Double check that you have marked your answer correctly on the computer sheet
5. Hand in only the answer sheets when done.

Multiple choice: Circle the ONE BEST answer on your test AND fill in the correct choice on the computer form.

READ EACH QUESTION CAREFULLY!!

1. The major purpose of RNA is to

A) transmit genetic information to offspring
B) function in the synthesis of proteins.
C) make a copy of itself, thus insuring genetic continuity.
D) act as a pattern to form DNA.
E) form the genes of an organism.

. Which of the following is the most randomized form of energy?

A) light
B) electrical
C) thermal (heat)
D) mechanical
E) chemical potential energy

. How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?

A) by supplying the energy to speed up a reaction
B) by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
C) by lowering the free energy of a reaction
D) by changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction
E) by increasing the amount of free energy of a reaction

. Which of the following would decrease the entropy within a system?

A) dehydration synthesis (involving condensation)
B) hydrolysis
C) respiration
D) digestion
E) catabolism

. Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase

A) in the free energy of the system.
B) in the free energy of the universe.
C) in the entropy of the system.
D) in the entropy of the universe.
E) in the enthalpy of the universe.

. What is the general process of pathways that break down large molecules into smaller ones called?

A) catalysis
B) metabolism
C) anabolism
D) dehydration
E) catabolism

. ATP generally energizes a cellular process by

A) releasing heat upon hydrolysis.
B) acting as a catalyst.
C) direct chemical transfer of a phosphate group.
D) releasing ribose electrons to drive reactions.
E) emitting light flashes.

. All of the following statements are representative of the second law of thermodynamics EXCEPT

A) Energy transfers are always accompanied by some loss.
B) Heat energy represents lost energy to most systems.
C) Systems tend to rearrange themselves toward greater entropy
D) Highly organized systems require energy for their maintenance.
E) Every time energy changes form, there is a decrease in entropy

. How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

A) increase the activation energy
B) cool the reactants
C) decrease the concentration of reactants
D) add a catalyst
E) increase entropy

. Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? Enzymes

A) have no effect on the rate of a reaction
B) increase the rate of reaction.
C) change the direction of chemical reactions.
D) are permanently altered by the reactions they catalyze.
E) prevent changes in substrate concentrations from having an effect on reaction rates.

. According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme function, which of the following is correct?

A) The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site.
B) Some enzymes become denatured when activators bind to the substrate.
C) A competitive inhibitor can outcompete the substrate for the active site.
D) The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme slightly and may stress or bend substrate bonds.
E) The active site creates a microenvironment ideal for the reaction.

. According to the first law of thermodynamics

A) matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
B) energy is neither created of destroyed.
C) all processes increase the entropy of the universe.
D) systmes rich in energy are intrinsically unstable.
E) the universe loses energy because of friction.

. Organelles that contain DNA include

A) the nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) chlorplasts.
D) only b and c are correct.
E) a, b, and c are correct.

. Which of the following would be found in an animal cell, but not in a bacterial cell?

A) DNA
B) cell wall
C) plasma membrane
D) ribosomes
E) endoplasmic reticulum

. What is the innermost portion (next to and outside the plasma membrane) of some mature plant cell walls called?

A) primary cell wall
B) secondary cell wall
C) middle lamella
D) glycocalyx
E) tonoplast

. A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

A) a bacterium
B) an animal but not a plant.
C) a plant, but not an animal.
D) a plant or an animal.
E) any kind of organism.

. An organelle that secretes many polysaccharides is a(n)

A) lysosome
B) tonoplast
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

. An organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes is a(n):

A) lysosome
B) tonoplast
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

. An organelle that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration is a(n)

A) lysosome
B) tonoplast
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

. The is a structure or organelle that makes steroid hormones.

A) mitochondria
B) Golgi body
C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

. An organelle that contains its own DNA and ribosomes is a(n)

A) lysosome
B) tonoplast
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome

. The digests worn out organelles.

A) mitochondrion
B) Golgi body
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosome
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

. The is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A) centriole
B) lysosome
C) nucleolus
D) peroxisome
E) ribosome

. The possesses a microtubular structure similar in form to a basal body.

A) centriole
B) lysosome
C) nucleolus
D) peroxisome
E) ribosome

. The assembles ribosomal subunits.

A) centriole
B) lysosome
C) nucleolus
D) peroxisome
E) ribosome

. The plasma membrane is a

A) structure or process of all cells.
B) structure or process in prokaryotic cells only.
C) structure or process in eukaryotic cells only.
D) structure or process in plant cells only.
E) structure or process in animal cells only.

. The cytoskeleton is a

A) structure or process of all cells.
B) structure or process in prokaryotic cells only.
C) structure or process in eukaryotic cells only.
D) structure or process in plant cells only.
E) structure or process in animal cells only.

. A ribosome is a

A) structure or process of all cells.
B) structure or process in prokaryotic cells only.
C) structure or process in eukaryotic cells only.
D) structure or process in plant cells only.
E) structure or process in animal cells only.

. A plasmodesmata is a

A) structure or process of all cells.
B) structure or process in prokaryotic cells only.
C) structure or process in eukaryotic cells only.
D) structure or process in plant cells only.
E) structure or process in animal cells only.

. A tight junction is a

A) structure or process of all cells.
B) structure or process in prokaryotic cells only.
C) structure or process in eukaryotic cells only.
D) structure or process in plant cells only.
E) structure or process in animal cells only.

. A Golgi body is a

A) structure or process of all cells.
B) structure or process in prokaryotic cells only.
C) structure or process in eukaryotic cells only.
D) structure or process in plant cells only.
E) structure or process in animal cells only.

. Animal cells would be unable to form cilia or flagella if they did not have which cell structures?

A) ribosomes
B) chloroplasts
C) centrosomes
D) plastids
E) microfilaments

. Which of the following contains the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules?

A) cells
B) centrioles
C) basal bodies
D) microfilaments
E) cilia

. Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

A) lipids
B) starches
C) proteins
D) steroids
E) glucose

. A biologist ground up some plant cells and then centrifuged the mixture. She obtained some organelles from the sediment in the test tube. The organelles took up O2 and gave off CO2. The organelles are most likely

A) chloroplasts
B) ribosomes
C) nuclei
D) mitochondria
E) golgi bodies

. All of the structures listed below are associated with movement in cells EXCEPT

A) cilia
B) centrioles.
C) microtubules.
D) flagella.
E) microbodies.

. Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids?

A) ribosomes
B) lysosomes
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria
E) contractile vacuoles

. According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?

A) They move laterally along the plane of the membrane.
B) They frequently flipflop from one side of the membrane to the other.
C) They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane.
D) They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution.
E) They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.

. Which of the following would best describe the membrane structures that function in active transport?

A) peripheral proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) cholesterol
D) hydrophobic molecules
E) integral proteins

. The movement of uncharged molecules from a low concentration to a higher concentration is described by which of the following?

A) diffusion
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) facilitated diffusion
E) exocytosis

. Glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes are most important for

A) facilitated diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients.
B) active transport of molecules against their concentration gradients.
C) maintaining the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane
D) maintaining membrane fluidity at low temperatures
E) the ability of cells to recognize like and different cells

. An organism with a cell wall would be unable to do which process?

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) active transport
D) phagocytosis
E) exocytosis

. Which of the following statements is correct about simple diffusion?

A) It is very rapid over long distances.
B) It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.
C) It is a passive process
D) It occurs when molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration
E) It requires integral proteins in the cell membrane

. All of the following situations are consistent with active transport EXCEPT

A) the conversion of ATP to ADP accompanied by the movement of molecules.
B) the rate of oxygen consumption by the cell increased when molecules moved
C) molecules moved in or out of a cell against the osmotic gradient.
D) cells accumulated diffusible molecules in a greater quantity than was found outside
E) the rate of movement of molecules across the cell membrane increases in an anaerobic environment.

. What does a cell use exocytosis for?

A) to move away from danger
B) to release substances from the cell.
C) to incorporate nutrients
D) to pump protons
E) to create new cells

. Which molecule is not part of the cell membrane?

A) lipid
B) nucleic acid
C) protein
D) phosphate group
E) steroid

. Which of the following statements is true of fermentation?

A) It produces a net gain of ATP.
B) It produces a net gain of NADH.
C) It is an aerobic process.
D) It can be performed only by bacteria.
E) It produces more energy per glucose molecule than does aerobic respiration.

. All of the following statements about glycolysis are true EXCEPT

A) glycolysis has steps involving oxidationreduction reactions.
B) the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the cytosol of the cell.
C) glycolysis can operate in the complete absence of O2.
D) the end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O.
E) glycolysis makes ATP exclusively through substratelevel phosphorylations.

. Which of the following statements about NAD+ is FALSE?

A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.
C) NAD+ is reduced by the action of dehydrogenases.
D) NAD+ can receive electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.
E) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis cannot function.

. Pyruvate is the last product of glycolysis. Which statement below is TRUE?

A) There is more energy in 6 molecules of carbon dioxide than in 2 molecules of pyruvate.
B) There is more energy in pyruvate than in lactate.
C) There is less energy in two molecules of pyruvate than in one molecule of glucose.
D) Pyruvate is in a more oxidized state than carbon dioxide.
E) Pyruvate is in a more reduced state than glucose.

. During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where do the oxygen atoms in the H2O come from?

A) carbon dioxide
B) glucose
C) molecular oxygen
D) pyruvate
E) lactate

. What does chemiosmosis involve?

A) The diffusion of water down an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
B) A proton gradient that drives the redox reactions of electron transport.
C) A protonmotive (protons that are moving somewhere) force that drives the synthesis of ATP.
D) An ATP synthase that pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
E) The uptake of NADH produced in glycolysis into the mitochondrion.

. Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to and in this step gain .

A) lactate; ATP
B) alcohol; CO2
C) alcohol; ATP
D) ATP; NAD+
E) lactate; NAD+

. Assume that a eukaryotic cell has abundant glucose and O2, but needs ATP. The proton gradient in mitochondria of this cell will be generated by and used primarily for .

A) the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis
B) the electron transport chain; substrate phosphorylation
C) glycolysis; production of H2O
D) fermentation; NAD reduction
E) diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis

. Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent?

A) fermentation
B) glycolysis
C) Krebs cycle
D) oxidative phosphorylation
E) electron transport

. A fatty acid is partially oxidized to form 10 molecules of acetyl CoA. Starting with these 10 molecules, how many molecules of ATP will be made directly by the Krebs cycle only?

A) 0
B) 10
C) 20
D) 32
E) 320

. A major function of the mitochondrial inner membrane is the conversion of energy from electrons to the stored energy of the phosphate bond in ATP. To accomplish this function, this membrane must have all of the following features EXCEPT

A) proteins to accept electrons from NADH
B) integral, transverse ATP synthase.
C) proton pumps embedded in the membrane.
D) the electron transport chain of proteins.
E) high permeability to protons.

. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in

A) glycolysis
B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
E) the phosphorylation of ADP.

. The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

A) substratelevel phosphorylation
B) electron transport
C) photophosphorylation
D) chemiosmosis
E) oxidation of NADH

. Catabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates can result in a 2carbon molecule which enters the Krebs cycle. What is the molecule?

A) glucose
B) an acetyl compound
C) a fatty acid
D) an amino acid
E) pyruvate

. Suppose a yeast cell uses 10 moles of glucose for energy production. No oxygen is available. What will be the net yield of ATP in moles?

A) 12
B) 15
C) 20
D) 30
E) 36

. Chloroplasts can make carbohydrate in the dark if provided with

A) ATP
B) NADPH
C) CO2
D) Only A and C are correct
E) A, B, and C are correct

. Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interiors of the thylakoids are no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?

A) the splitting of water
B) the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
C) the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I
D) the synthesis of ATP
E) the reduction of NADP

. Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis is FALSE?

A) the splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons
B) Chlorophyll (and other pigments) absorb light energy which excites electrons.
C) An electron transport chain is used to create a proton gradient.
D) A proton gradient is used to reduce NADP and assemble ATP.
E) Some electrons are recycled and some are not.

. The primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is

A) to produce energy rich glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
B) to produce energy rich ATP and NADPH.
C) to produce NADPH used in respiration.
D) to convert light energy to the chemical energy of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde).
E) to use ATP to make glucose.

. The reactions of the Calvin cycle require all of the following molecules EXCEPT

A) CO2
B) ATP
C) RuBP
D) glucose
E) NADPH

. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

A) Thylakoid membranes contain the photosynthetic pigments.
B) The O2 released during photosynthesis comes from water.
C) PGAL (glyceraldehyde3phosphate) is produced only in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
D) The light reactions of photosynthesis provide the energy for the Calvin cycle.
E) When chlorophyll is reduced, it gains electrons.

. Which of the following enzymes is probably the most abundant protein in the world?

A) PEP carboxylase
B) hexokinase
C) RuBP carboxylase
D) aldolase
E) pyruvate kinase

. All of the following compounds are required at some stage of green plant photosynthesis, EXCEPT

A) adenosine triphosphate
B) NADP
C) water
D) oxygen
E) carbon dioxide

. Which of the following is FALSE concerning ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase?

A) It is a protein.
B) It speeds up a chemical reaction.
C) It lowers the energy of activation.
D) It catalyzes a phosphorylation reaction.
E) It has an affinity for both O2 and CO2

. All of the following statements are correct regarding the lightindependent ("dark") reactions of photosynthesis EXCEPT

A) The energy source utilized is the ATP and NADPH obtained through the light reaction.
B) This reaction begins soon after sundown and ends before sunrise.
C) The 5carbon sugar RuBP is constantly being regenerated.
D) One of the end products is PGAL (glyceraldehyde3phosphate).
E) The pathway used is the Calvin cycle.

. The color of light least effective in driving photosynthesis is

A) blue
B) red
C) orange
D) green
E) yellow

. Cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produces

A) ATP
B) NADPH
C) glucose
D) Only a and b are correct.
E) a, b, and c are correct.

. The process of noncyclic photophosphorylation uses light energy to synthesize

A) ADP and ATP
B) ATP and P700
C) ATP and NADPH
D) ADP and NADP.
E) P700 and P680

. Which one of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

A) Respiration is the exact reversal of the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis.
B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules and respiration releases it.
C) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals.
D) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.
E) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic.

. In a plant cell, where is ATP synthase located?

A) thylakoid membrane
B) plasma membrane
C) inner mitochondrial membrane
D) a and c are correct.
E) a, b, and c are all correct

. Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs in

A) photosynthesis
B) respiration
C) both photosynthesis and respiration
D) neither photosynthesis or respiration

. Oxidation of water occurs in

A) photosynthesis
B) respiration
C) both photosynthesis and respiration
D) neither photosynthesis or respiration

. A concentration gradient ceases to exist when

A) all the molecules have moved from high concentration to low.
B) the membrane pores close.
C) the temperature drops.
D) there is no net movement.
E) bulk flow intervenes.

. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other small molecules cross the plasma membrane through the process(es) of

A) osmosis.
B) diffusion.
C) endocytosis and exocytosis.
D) active transport.
E) facilitated diffusion.

. Which statement is true?

A) A cell placed in an isotonic solution will swell.
B) A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.
C) A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will shrink.
D) A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will remain the same size.
E) A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will remain the same size.

. Wilting is counteracted by

A) turgor pressure.
B) osmotic pressure.
C) concentration gradients.
D) diffusion.
E) metabolic pressure within a cell.

. Which of the following has the greatest total energy?

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) glycogen
D) glucose
E) NADPH

. The main product of the Kreb's cycle is

A) CO2
B) glucose
C) ATP
D) NADH
E) FADH2

. When light excites chlorophyll, the chlorophyll molecule

A) changes to carotene.
B) becomes agitated and moves rapidly.
C) becomes radioactive.
D) absorbs the energy and moves an electron to a higher energy state.
E) becomes ionized.

. Where in a plant cell is chlorophyll found?

A) on the outer chloroplast membrane
B) inside the mitochondria
C) in the stroma
D) in the thylakoids
E) none of the above

. How many cycles of the CalvinBenson Cycle are required to be able to produce one moleculeof glucose?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) six
E) thirtysix

. Plants obtain nearly all of their biomass (weight) from:

A) Sunlight
B) The air
C) Nutrients in the soil
D) ATP
E) fertilizer

. A cell's useful energy:

A) is essentially stored in covalent bonds within large molecules
B) can be accessed when bonds are broken
C) is carried by electrons and transferred from place to place in the cell
D) all of the above
E) a and c only

. Which of the following is FALSE?

A) Cells lose some energy in the form of heat.
B) Energy flows in one direction.
C) The primary source for energy on earth is the sun.
D) The most common and important form of energy available for living organisms is heat.
E) None of the above is false.

. Which of the following statements is true?

A) The products of a reaction can have less energy than the reactants.
B) The products of a reaction accumulate by as much as 1 million times faster if an enzymeis present.
C) Reversible reactions tend to approach an equilibrium.
D) Most reactions are reversible.
E) all of the above

. The main energy carriers in cells are:

A) ADP
B) enzymes
C) ATP
D) NAD+
E) ionic bonds

. The NADH produced in the Kreb's cycle:

A) has to be transported into the mitochondrion before it can donate its electron to anelectron transport system
B) is conveniently produced where it will do the most good, right next to the electrontransport system
C) is transported to the stroma where it will be used in the CalvinBenson cycle.
D) will produce one ATP per molecule of NADH.
E) is necessary for photophosphorylation to occur.