Terms to know:
Phylum Chordata
protochordates
Dorsal nerve cord
pharyngeal gill slits
notochord
pharynx
cephalochordate
sea squirt
lancelets
Subphylum vertebrata vertebral column
spinal cord
Backbone
Class Agnatha
Hagfish
Lamprey
Cartilaginous Fish
Class Chondrichthyes Shark
Skate
Ray
placoid scales
Dermal denticles
caudal fin
dorsal fin
pectoral fin
pelvic fin
claspers
Gill slits
spiral valve
squaline
lateral line
Ampullae of Lorenzini Bony Fish
Class Osteichthyes
operculum
Gill arches
ctenoid scales
swim bladder
chromatophores
counter shading
Guanine
irridiophores
cryptic coloration
Disruptive coloration gill rakers
filter feeders
gill lamellae
gill filaments
counter current exchange
fish circulation
schooling behavior
Migration
Anadromous
Catadromous
leptocephalus larvae metamorphosis
hermaphrodites
sex reversal
oviparous
ovoviviparous
viviparous
sting ray
Manta Ray
electric Ray
Concepts to know:
1. Know the importance of the protochordates as an ancestor to modern vertebrates. Know the examples we discussed and their characteristics. Lancelets and Tunicates (sea squirts). Know the characteristics shared by ALL chordates, that is: notochord, pharyngeal gills, dorsal nerve cord, segmented muscles. Know the characteristics of organisms in the subphylum vertebrata.
2. Know the classes Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes. Know the
characteristics that place them in these groups.
a. Agnatha: jawless fishes. No lower jaws,
no paired fins, gills in separate chambers. Similar to the earliest vertebrates.
b. Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes. Skeleton consists of cartilage. Lower jaws evolved from gill arches. Primitive sharks have 7 gill slits, advanced sharks have 5. The spiracle is a remnant gill opening (vestigial). Jaws not attached to skull. paired fins. placoid scales. Teeth evolved from placoid scales. Teeth in multiple rows. Pelvic fins, pectoral fins, dorsal fins, caudal and anal fins. Each gill in a separate cavity with it's own gill slit. Spiral valve in the intestine. No swim bladder, use squaline oil in tissues for bouancy. Store urea in their tissues. two chambered heart and single loop circulatory system. Most are carnivorous, though some are filterfeeders. H highly developed sensory systems including electro-reception. Know sensory abilities of sharks which we discussed in class.
c. Osteichthyes: Bony fishes. Skeleton of true bone. most have a swim bladder that can be filled with oxygen for bouancy regulation. scales are ctenoid. two chambered heart and single loop circulatory system. development of complex skulls with dermal bone was an important evolutionary advance in this group. Specialization of jaws and feeding allowed great diversification. Gills supported on bone arches and all gills are in a single cavity covered by an operculum.
3. Know gill structure and how counter current exchange functions in gills and in heat conservation for warm bodied fishes, etc. Know how water is moved over the gills and characteristics of water related to extracting oxygen from it.
4. Know uses of color that has evolved in fish and terminology related to it.
5. know the characteristics of fish body form that are related to swimming and life history. For example, shape and structures that occur as adaptations to fast swimming in pelagic fish such as tuna, great white sharks, etc.
6. Know the parts and structure of fish circulatory systems.
7. Know the reproduction types found in sharks and fishes. Live birth, egg laying, ovovivipary, etc. Know the examples of sex reversal discussed in class.
8. Know the examples of fish migrations discussed in class. Anadromous and catadromous. Know where the examples breed and how Salmon return to their home stream.
9. Notes from class on specific fish discussed are fair game. Some important examples are :
White Shark - pelagic predator, warm body temperature,
breaching behavior off South Africa, man killer
Bull Shark - Number one man killer. Found in many
inshore waters.
Tiger shark
Mako Shark
Whale Shark - world's largest fish - harmless filter
feeder.
Electric ray - can deliver 200 + volts
Manta Ray- large filter feeder
Sting rays - two spines on the tail with associated
venom glands
Tuna, mackerel, etc. - fastest swimmers. Up to 45
mph. adaptations include: Finlets acting as spoilers,
slots for tucking away paired fins at high speed, narrow caudal peduncle,
lunate tail fins
streamlined shape
Flounder - bottom dwelling flatfish. Young have
eyes on both sides of the head. Eyes migrate as they
develop , to one side. Flounder rapidly change color to match their back
ground.
Fresh water eels - catadromous fish. Migrate from
American east coast to breed at depths in the Sargasso sea
Pacific salmon species - Anadromous fish. Mature
at sea, home to native stream to spawn and die.
Exhibit imprinting on the chemical smell of their native stream.
Sea Basses - all show sex reversal
Parrot fish - show three sexes: male, female, and
supermale
Megalodon - extremely large ancestral shark
thought to be related to modern Great Whites
Hagfish and Marine Lamprey - both agnathans and
similar to early, jawless, ancestral fish.
Barracuda - lurk and lunge predator