Chapter 15 Tobin & Dushek (14 in Audesirk)
F/B Some evidence is presented in your text that suggests that dinosaurs were the
immediate evolutionary ancestors of birds. For each of the observations below answer:
a. if the observation supports the hypothesis
b. if the observation opposes the hypothesis
c. if the observation has no bearing on the hypothesis
1. Some apparently feathered non-flying dinosaur-like fossils are younger than the oldest
known bird.
2. The larynx of modern reptiles is well developed and usable for vocalization, while the
larynx of birds is simple and not used as a vocal organ.
3. Both birds and reptiles have a backbone.
4. The fact that some dinosaur fossils are found in what were then arctic areas and the
fact that footprint stride distance suggests that some dinosaurs could run very fast
suggests that some dinosaurs were warm blooded like modern birds.
M/C
5. Lamark would agree with all of these statements except:
a. boa constrictors should have vestigial hind limbs
b. daily stretching will make you and your offspring more flexible
c. bob-tailed cats evolved after several generations of cats had their tails bitten
off
d. a man who cuts off his hair will have sons who become bald
e. giraffes got their long necks by stretching
6. Darwin and Wallace both realized that most species produce many more offspring than is
necessary to maintain a constant population. What is the fate of the excess individuals?
a. Evolution kills them off.
b. The more favorable reproduce more than the less favorable.
c. They evolve to take advantage of natural resources.
d. It is arbitrary which individuals die.
e. They mutate and then are able to adapt to new environments.
7. If within a large population no mutations occur, no migration occurs, all matings are
random and there is no change in the environment, what will happen?
a. extinction will occur
b. natural selection will occur at the normal rate for that species
c. natural selection will occur at a faster rate than before
d. exponential population growth will occur
e. no evolution will occur
F/B For each of the following questions answer a. if this force reshapes the earth
according to Lyell b. if this force reshaped the earth according to Cuvier
8. Stream erosion
9. Volcanoes
10. Wind storms
11. World wide floods
For each of the following decide if the feature is:
a. a characteristic that cannot affect future natural selection
b. a characteristic that can affect future natural selection
12. tanned skin as a result of exposure to the sun
13. copper colored skin of someone who is a native American
14. brown eye color as a result of pigment in the front part of the iris
15. brown eye color as a result of wearing contact lenses
M/C
16. Publication date of Darwin's Origin of Species was:
a. 1809
b. 1830
c. 1859
d. 1869
e. 1900
17. What selects traits that will be passed on to the next generation in the greatest
frequency?
a. Mendelian genetics
b. random mutations
c. fixed species
d. the environment
e. non-random mutations
18. A population of deer was threatened with overpopulation until cheetahs were imported.
After a couple of years there were fewer deer but the average running speed of the deer had
increased. This is an example of:
a. inheritance of acquired characteristics
b. induced mutation
c. genetic drift
d. mutation
e. natural selection
19. "No vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end" are the words this geologist used to
describe the immense age of the earth.
a. Lyell
b. Lamarck
c. Hutton
d. Malthus
e. Aristotle
20. The incorrect theory that "organisms can modify their bodies through use or disuse of
parts, and that these modifications can be passed on to their offspring" was formulated by:
a. Hutton
b. Darwin
c. Aristotle
d. Lamarck
e. Lyell
21. Lamarck would agree with all of these statements except:
a. Humans should no longer have an appendix.
b. Daily stretching will make you and your offspring more flexible.
c. Bob-tailed cats evolved after several generations of cats had had their tails
bitten off.
d. Your eye color is determined by your parents' eye colors.
e. Snakes should have a pelvic girdle.
22. The English clergyman who wrote that human population "increases in a geometrical
ratio" and would soon exceed the earth's capacity to support it was:
a. Wallace
b. Mendel
c. Hutton
d. Lyell
e. Malthus
23. Both Darwin and Wallace were influenced by Thomas Malthus' writings on:
a. Population growth
b. Uniformitarianism
c. Genetics
d. Evolution
e. Natural selection
24. Charles Darwin believed that artificial selection was:
a. Impossible
b. Unimportant
c. A process completely identical to natural selection
d. A common natural phenomenon
e. Similar in many ways to natural selection
25. Which of these statements indicates a problem with the theory of catastrophism?
a. Not all species have been recovered.
b. Many species have become extinct.
c. There are millions of undescribed species in the world.
d. There are no humans in early fossil records.
e. The Earth is billions of years old.
26. Which of the following statements is true?
a. A long distance runner will produce gametes with good genes for running because
their bodies are in such good physical condition.
b. Exercise can have an effect on genes.
c. What a person does during their life can have no effect on their genetic makeup
other than random genetic changes from exposure to chemicals or radiation.
d. Cutting the tails off mice for 100 generations will result in a strain of mice
with genes for short tails.
e. People who are healthy tend to have healthier DNA.
27. The theory of natural selection states that:
a. Some live and some die in each generation.
b. Only the largest and strongest survive.
c. Random assortment of genes results in better characteristics in the following
generations.
d. The best adapted individuals survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes
to the next generation.
e. Individuals that mutate in response to their environment will survive.
28. Natural selection on a trait can only occur if the trait is ______.
a. inheritable
b. behavioral
c. favorable
d. morphological
e. a new mutation
29. Some of Darwin's most important discoveries were based on studies of birds captured in:
a. Tahiti
b. Jamaica
c. Ecuador
d. The Bahamas
e. The Galapagos Islands
30. Which of these was not included in Darwin and Wallace's theory of natural selection?
a. Variability
b. High reproductive rates
c. Survival of the most fit
d. Organisms striving to become "better"
e. Mutation
31. The author of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection is:
a. Mendel
b. Malthus
c. Galvani
d. Darwin
e. Lamarck
32. Darwin and __________ both jointly proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
a. FitzRoy
b. Malthus
c. Wallace
d. Lamarck
e. Hutton
33. The Galapagos Islands visited by Darwin are located where?
a. off the west coast of Australia
b. off the west coast of North America
c. off the west coast of South America
d. near Southeast Asia
e. near the center of the south Atlantic
F/B
Matching Possible Answers
a. Darwin alone
b. Lamarck
c. Darwin and Wallace
d. Cuvier
e. Plato
34. Published On the Origin of Species in 1859
35. Presented idea of natural selection to Linnean Society in 1858
36. Philosophy based in the "ideal form"
37. Proposed the geological theory of catastrophism
38. Suggested that giraffes developed long necks over time by stretching
All of the following statements are true. Answer
a. if the statement supports the theory of evolution
b. if the statement opposes the theory of evolution
c. if the statement neither supports nor opposes biological evolution
39. Local veterinarians report that the dog and cat internal anatomy has not changed
significantly since they received their medical training.
40. The "Piltdown man" fossil hominid is now known to be a fake.
41. The amino acid sequence of human and chimpanzee hemoglobin is almost identical and
somewhat different than the hemoglobin of dogs.
42. As you get older in the fossil record more and more modern orders and classes of
organisms drop out of the record.
43. Radioactive dating shows that the age of the oldest wood in living bristle cone pines
exceeds 4200 years.
44. Humans, starfish, and segmented worms all go through a solid ball of cells stage and
then a hollow ball of cells stage in their early embryology.
45. Almost no modern species are found as fossils in rocks below the glacial till.
M/C
46. The theory of evolution would predict that human DNA is most similar to that of:
a. primates
b. mammals
c. vertebrates
d. rodents
e. reptiles
47. Sea squirts and lampreys, both aquatic animals, have the pharynx perforated, a
notochord at some stage of development, and a ventral heart. These similarities are best
explained by which of these hypotheses?
a. artificial selection
b. inheritance of acquired characteristics
c. a common ancestry
d. the same environmental pressures
e. divergent evolution
48. Assume that it is possible to remove continuous cores of rock from the earth 6 inches
in diameter and 3000 feet long. The theory of evolution by natural selection would predict
what about the fossils in such cores as they are examined from top to bott om?
a. species change gradually
b. the number of fossils decreases but the number of species increase
c. fossil species remain constant
d. ancient fossils resemble modern species
e. there are gaps in the core where no fossils are found
49. Though the term literally means "dug up," today these objects are defined as "any
evidence of past life."
a. Bones
b. Species
c. Occam's Razor
d. Uniformitarianism
e. Fossils
50. The process by which unrelated organisms with similar environmental demands evolve
superficially similar structures is:
a. Natural selection
b. Homologous
c. Convergent evolution
d. Comparative anatomy
e. Coevolution
51. Structures (like molar teeth in vampire bats) which are homologous to important
structures in other organisms but serve no purpose in the organism being considered are:
a. Analogous
b. Mutations
c. Homozygous
d. Convergent
e. Vestigial
52. Fat-insulated streamlined bodies of seals and penguins are superficially similar,
although these organisms are not closely related. Such superficially similar structures
are:
a. Vestigial structures
b. Homologous structures
c. Genetically similar
d. Developed through convergent evolution
e. Coevolved
53. When two species evolve in a particular way because of extensive interactions between
them, which of these has happened?
a. Convergent evolution
b. Coevolution
c. Analogous structures have developed
d. Homologous structures have developed
e. Cohabitation
54. Which of the following structures is not homologous to the others?
a. Alligator forelimb
b. Bird wing
c. Human arm
d. Insect wing
e. Bat wing
55. The fossil record indicates that over the last 50 million years the horse has evolved
in all but which of the following ways?
a. Tooth structure
b. Leg anatomy
c. Overall size
d. Abundance of hair
e. It has evolved in all these respects.
56. Boa constrictors have tiny pelvic girdles and leg bones within their bodies. Since
these structures are nonfunctional, they are called:
a. Extra
b. Analogous
c. Maladaptive
d. Homologous
e. Vestigial
57. Evidence which supports the theory of evolution is found in the studies of:
a. Embryos
b. Biochemistry
c. Fossils
d. Artificial selection
e. All of these
58. Convergent evolution occurs when:
a. unrelated organisms develop analagous structures
b. different species evolve to become one
c. populations merge into one
d. analagous structures evolve to be homologous
e. none of these
59. That whales have pelvic bones indicates...
a. They probably evolved from fish
b. Ancestral whales had legs
c. Whales should have legs
d. Having a pelvis is advantageous
e. Whales did not evolve by natural selection
60. The human appendix which has no known function today is an example of a(n)
a. analogous structure
b. homologous structure
c. vestigial structure
d. adaptation
e. mutation
61. Strong evidence for the close relatedness of vertebrates is...
a. they all have legs
b. their means of reproduction
c. the similarity of their embryological stages
d. they all evolved from fish
e. they all possess DNA
62. An example of a vestigial structure is:
a. Fins of fish
b. Vertebral column of snakes
c. Pelvic bones of whales
d. Wings of bats
e. Only choices a, b, and d are correct
63. The evolutionary history of this is well documented over the last 50 million years in
the fossil record.
a. horse
b. finch
c. giraffe
d. peppered moth
e. pterodactyl
64. Mammal appendages with similar bone structures can be used for flying, swimming,
running, and grasping. These are examples of __________ structures.
a. vestigial
b. embryonic
c. convergent
d. artificially selected
e. homologous
65. Which statement is correct regarding Biston betularia a species of moth found in
England during the late 19th century?
a. The black coloration of moths was caused by pollution from burning coal.
b. Black moths are covered with soot from coal burning factories.
c. An occasional mutation causes black moths to be born; these moths had a greater
chance of surviving and so became more common.
d. These moths were all killed by the devastating fungus Phytophora infestans.
e. Black moths were easy to see and therefore selected against.
66. The many different breeds of domestic dog were produced by:
a. Natural selection
b. Artificial selection
c. Kin selection
d. Mutation
e. Divergent evolution
67. An organism's fitness refers to its:
a. physical conditioning
b. size in relation to other members of the population
c. reproductive success
d. competitive ability
e. degree of heterozygosity
Essay 68. A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes,
green and brown. Typically, the prairie receives adequate water to maintain healthy, green
grass. Assume a bird that eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this a ffect
natural selection of the grasshoppers? How might this change in a drought year?
M/C 69. If the weather in Richmond, Virginia, changed to very cold (snow on the ground
8 months of each year) over the next few years, what change might occur?
a. The cold weather would cause a mutation in squirrels which causes their fur to
be white.
b. If a mutation occurred which caused white fur to develop, such white squirrels
would have a better chance to survive and produce more offspring with the characteristic.
c. Evolution would definitely occur resulting in white squirrels.
d. Natural selection would cause a new genotype to appear in the population,
resulting in squirrels with white fur.
e. Natural selection would not permit such climatic changes.
Essay 70. Describe a scenario involving coevolution of a predator and prey. What might
you expect when the two species initially co-occur? What about after 20 generations?
M/C
71. Inheritable mutations, which may allow a population to evolve are produced:
a. By chance
b. As a response to environmental change
c. As a response to selection pressure
d. By coevolution
e. By artificial selection
72. Light colored peppered moths are able to hide in some environments because they
resemble:
a. Flowers
b. Rocks
c. Butterflies
d. Lichens
e. Light bulbs
Essay 73. Industrial melanism of the peppered moth in Great Britain is a modern day
example of evolution by natural selection. Today our world faces many new challenges due to
economic development and habitat destruction. Create a scenario of evolution by natur al
selection that is set in the 21st century.
M/C
74. Most commercial pesticides are effective for only 2-3 years. This is because...
a. new pests invade the area
b. the chemicals induce mutations that convey immunity
c. the chemicals mutate
d. the pests learn to ignore the chemicals
e. those pests with advantageous mutations will survive and reproduce
75. A change in the genetic makeup of a population is:
a. Natural selection
b. Uniformitarianism
c. Artificial selection
d. Evolution
e. Genetic drift
76. Which of these is most likely to produce evolutionary change in a population?
a. spontaneous mutations
b. a temporary source of environmental pollution
c. random mutations
d. global warming
e. acquired characteristics
F/B
Matching Possible Answers
a. homologous structures
b. analogous structures
c. vestigial structures
d. artificially selected structures
e. coevolution
77. Large productive udders of milk goats and cows
78. Wings of insects and bats
79. Bat's wing and sheep's leg
80. Insects and the flowers they pollinate
81. Predators and their prey
82. Pelvic bones in snakes and whales
F/B
1. c
2. b
3. c
4. a
M/C
5. a
6. b
7. e
F/B
8. a
9. b
10. a
11. b
12. a
13. b
14. b
15. a
M/C
16. c
17. d
18. e
19. c
20. d
21. e
22. e
23. a
24. e
25. d
26. c
27. d
28. a
29. e
30. d
31. d
32. c
33. c
F/B
34. a
35. c
36. e
37. d
38. b
39. b
40. c
41. a
42. a
43. c
44. a
45. a
M/C
46. a
47. c
48. a
49. e
50. c
51. e
52. d
53. b
54. d
55. d
56. e
57. e
58. a
59. b
60. c
61. c
62. c
63. a
64. e
65. c
66. b
67. c
Essay
68. No answer in TestBank
M/C
69. b
Essay
70. No answer in TestBank
M/C
71. a
72. d
Essay
73. No answer in TestBank
M/C
74. e
75. d
76. d
F/B
77. d
78. b
79. a
80. e
81. e
82. c